Wednesday, January 20, 2010

Chain reaction buzzword

Ada pelbagai buzzword / teori yang berkaitan dengan "chain reaction" yang secara kasar bermaksud kesan rantaian yang terjadi dari satu kejadian lain. Buzzword ni penting untuk pelbagai pihak.. contohnya, ahli ekonomi atau businessman mungkin memerlukan pemahaman tentang teori "network effect" dan "bandwagon effect".. seorang policy maker seperti ahli fikir politik juga mungkin boleh mendapat idea daripada teori sociology; "Tipping Point". Manakala seorang saintis mungkin lebih berminat dengan "Chaos theory".

Jadi berikut disenaraikan beberapa teori yang boleh kita study untuk memahami cerita di sebalik kesan rantaian yang berlaku di sekitar kehidupan kita yang sering kali kita tidak sedari:
  • Chaos theory  
  • Butterfly effect
  • Domino effect
  • Tipping point
  • Catastrophe theory 
  • Network effect
  • Bandwagon effect
  • Hundredth Monkey Effect 
Berikut disenaraikan summary dan link reference dari wikipedia untuk teori di atas:


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory
Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics, physics, and philosophy studying the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. This sensitivity is popularly referred to as the butterfly effect. Small differences in initial conditions (such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation) yield widely diverging outcomes for chaotic systems, rendering long-term prediction impossible in general.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect
The butterfly effect is a metaphor that encapsulates the concept of sensitive dependence on initial conditions in chaos theory; namely that small differences in the initial condition of a dynamical system may produce large variations in the long term behavior of the system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_effect
The domino effect is a chain reaction that occurs when a small change causes a similar change nearby, which then will cause another similar change, and so on in linear sequence. The term is best known as a mechanical effect, and is used as an analogy to a falling row of dominoes. It typically refers to a linked sequence of events where the time between successive events is relatively small. It can be used literally (an observed series of actual collisions) or metaphorically (complex systems such as global finance, or in politics, where linkage is only a hypothesis).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping_point_(sociology)
In sociology, a tipping point or angle of repose is the event of a previously rare phenomenon becoming rapidly and dramatically more common. The phrase was coined in its sociological use by Morton Grodzins, by analogy with the fact in physics that adding a small amount of weight to a balanced object can cause it to suddenly and completely topple.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tipping_Point
Tipping points are "the levels at which the momentum for change becomes unstoppable."[1] Gladwell defines a tipping point as a sociological term: "the moment of critical mass, the threshold, the boiling point."[2] The book seeks to explain and describe the "mysterious" sociological changes that mark everyday life. As Gladwell states, "Ideas and products and messages and behaviors spread like viruses do."[3] The examples of such changes in his book include the rise in popularity and sales of Hush Puppies shoes in the mid-1990s and the precipitous drop in the New York City crime rate after 1990.
"The Law of the Few", or, as Gladwell states, "The success of any kind of social epidemic is heavily dependent on the involvement of people with a particular and rare set of social gifts."[4] According to Gladwell, economists call this the "80/20 Principle, which is the idea that in any situation roughly 80 percent of the 'work' will be done by 20 percent of the participants."[5] These people are described in the following ways:
  • Connectors are the people who "link us up with the world ... people with a special gift for bringing the world together."
  • Mavens are "information specialists", or "people we rely upon to connect us with new information."
  • Salesmen are "persuaders", charismatic people with powerful negotiation skills.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_theory
Small changes in certain parameters of a nonlinear system can cause equilibria to appear or disappear, or to change from attracting to repelling and vice versa, leading to large and sudden changes of the behaviour of the system. However, examined in a larger parameter space, catastrophe theory reveals that such bifurcation points tend to occur as part of well-defined qualitative geometrical structures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect
In economics and business, a network effect (also called network externality) is the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people. When network effect is present, the value of a product or service increases as more people use it.
Over time, positive network effects can create a bandwagon effect as the network becomes more valuable and more people join, in a positive feedback loop.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_effect
Bandwagon effect, also known as "cromo effect" and closely related to opportunism, is a phenomenon - observed primarily within the fields of Microeconomics, Political science and Behaviorism - that people often do and believe things merely because many other people do and believe the same things. The effect is often called herd instinct. People tend to follow the crowd without examining the merits of a particular thing. The bandwagon effect is the reason for the bandwagon fallacy's success.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredth_Monkey_Effect
The hundredth-monkey effect is a supposed phenomenon in which a learned behavior spreads instantaneously from one group of monkeys to all related monkeys once a critical number is reached. By generalization it means the instantaneous, paranormal spreading of an idea or ability to the remainder of a population once a certain portion of that population has heard of the new idea or learned the new ability. The story behind this supposed phenomenon originated with Lawrence Blair and Lyall Watson, who claimed that it was the observation of Japanese scientists. One of the primary factors in the promulgation of the myth is that many authors quote secondary, tertiary or post-tertiary sources who have themselves misrepresented the original observations.

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